✚ What theoretical approaches to cinema exist from the late 19th to the 1980s? ✚ How did film theory develop as a distinct field with specific issues? ✚ What was the problem of the mechanical reproduction of reality for 19th-century aesthetic theory? ✚ How does the theoretical question arise: can cinema be art? ✚ What is the specificity of understanding cinema through the analysis of film material? ✚ What is the essence of understanding cinema in terms of editing? ✚ How did the problem of specifically cinematic semantics arise?

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