✚ Why is engraving the most effective tool of cultural transfer in the visual arts? ✚ How did engraving become a liberal art? ✚ How was engraving instruction integrated into the academic art education system in Russia? ✚ Why can we consider engraving technique to be a message? ✚ And how does the new printing technique dictate a new image? ✚ What models were used to represent power in 18th-century Russian engraving? ✚ How does a reproduction engraving reproduce and substitute for an absent painting or sculpture? ✚ What is lubok, and can it be distinguished from professional art? ✚ Funny sheets and paper icons – what place did lubok occupy in peasant and urban lower-class life? ✚ How did the lubok market change from the 18th to the early 20th centuries? ✚ Who, when, and why collected and studied Russian popular prints?

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